What is the pathophysiology of urinary tract infection?

Mechanism of infection The most common bacterial causes of UTI are the same bacteria that colonize the gut and they enter the urinary tract following colonization of the peri-urethral area. Once within the bladder, bacteria may then multiply and ascend the ureters to cause upper UTI.

What is the pathophysiology of lower urinary tract infection?

Urinary tract infections are caused by bacterium that invade the urinary epithelium cells causing irritation and inflammation of these cells. The infection can start in the urethra and can progress its way up to the bladder, ureters, or kidney.

What is commensal flora in urine?

The pathogen: the commensal flora. UTI is frequently caused by organisms which are normal commensals in the distal urethra and adjacent sites. The most common route of infection is by ascension. The well-recognized gender difference in the prevalence of UTI is clearly related to the short length of the female urethra.

What neurological causes UTI?

Various medical conditions can cause neurogenic bladder, including the following:

• Stroke.
• Parkinson’s disease.
• Multiple sclerosis.
• Spinal cord injuries.
• Spinal surgeries.
• Erectile dysfunction.
• Trauma/accidents.
• Central nervous system tumors.

What is the WBC count of hyperleukocytosis?

Hyperleukocytosis can be from a severe leukemoid reaction, which is when the WBC count is greater than 50,000/ µL in patients in whom leukemia has been ruled out.

What happens to the body with hyperleukocytosis?

Hyperleukocytosis often causes vascular occlusion, resulting in ischemia, hemorrhage, and edema of the involved organs. The problem is most commonly observed in acute myelogenous leukemia with high WBC counts.

Who is the author of hyperleukocytosis and leukostasis?

1) Porcu P, Cripe LD, Ng EW, et al. Hyperleukocytic leukemias and leukostasis: a review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 39:1.

Which is an infection of the upper urinary tract?

Pyelonephritis is an infection of one or both upper urinary tracts. Acute pyelonephritis is usually associated with the microorganisms E. coli, Proteus, and Pseudomonas. Urinary obstruction and reflux of urine from the bladder are the most common risk factors, along with being a female.